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101.
102.
The Science of Nature - 相似文献
103.
K.‐W. Schramm 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(1-4):55-60
TOXIWASP combines most of the kinetic structure of EXAMS 2 with the transport capabilities of WASP (Water Analysis Simulation Program). TOXIWASP uses variable chemical degradation rates from chemical properties and the environmental conditions of the aquatic ecosystem. These rates are reduced from pseudo first‐order rates to first‐order rates including the processes hydrolysis, biotransfor‐mation, phototransformation, oxidation, and volatilisation. Assuming ultimate local equilibrium, and using a chemical dependent partition coefficient as well as spatially varying environmental carbon fractions, sorption onto sediments and biomass is calculated. Environmental alternations could be specified in any time scale by providing monitoring data. TOXIWASP generates total sediment and chemical concentrations every time step in every segment, including surface water, subsurface water, surface bed and subsurface bed. Advection, dispersion, mass loading, sedimentation, and scour affect sediment concentration in the water column and in the bed sediment concentrations depend on burial and erosion. In addition chemical concentrations are influenced by degradation, sediment‐water dispersion, and percolation. Lateral transport of chemical within the bed is neglected and transport data are not calculated in the program. TOXIWASP is developed to model stratified lakes, reservoirs, large rivers, estuaries, and coastal waters. As for EXAMS 2 (Burns et al.2) the TOXIWASP user has to accept the model's inability to connect the water body to a chemically contaminated atmosphere. 相似文献
104.
Karl-Werner Schramm Petra Marth Alexander Wolf Klaus Hahn Konstantin Oxynos Johannes Schmitzer Antonius Kettrup 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1999,11(5):277-280
Measured partition coefficients (KLM/L) related to lipid-concentrations between the muscle (CML) and liver (CLL) tissue of two fish species (Abramis brama, Zoarces viviparus) exhibit nominal values of unity according the relationship KLM/L=CML/CLL=1 for persistent compounds such as highly chlorinated PCB and values above one for degradable compounds for example chlorinated cyclohexanes or DDT. The corresponding theory is presented. The relationship holds for samples for single fish as well as for pooled samples. 相似文献
105.
Andrea M. Hofmaier Siegfried M. G. Schwirzer Friedrich J. Wiebel Karl-Werner Schramm Martin Wegenke Antonius A. F. Kettrup 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1999,11(1):2-8
Polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAH) like 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-p-dioxin (TCDD) elicit a multitude of toxic and biological effects. A common trait of these substances is their affinity for a cytosolic receptor protein and the subsequent induction of the synthesis of several gene products, including cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP 1A1). In this publication we present a bioassay to determine the induction of CYP 1A1 as a sum parameter for the total toxic potential of critical halogenated compounds in complex environmental matrices. In order to eliminate compounds like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and naturally occurring substances which might interfere with the bioassay we developed a simple cleanup procedure. TEQ values derived from bioassay are in good agreement with those obtained from chemical analysis. This bioassay in combination with the simplified “single column” clean up represents a cost and time effective alternative to chemical analysis for the screening of large numbers of environmental matrices. 相似文献
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Geyer HJ Schramm KW Feicht EA Behechti A Steinberg C Brüggemann R Poiger H Henkelmann B Kettrup A 《Chemosphere》2002,48(6):631-644
The elimination half-lives (t1/2) in Sprague-Dawley rats for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 1,2, 3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD), 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD), 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) were estimated in long-term studies by Schlatter, Poiger and others. Furthermore, there are some published half-lives of TCDD in adult humans. The average half-life of TCDD in adult humans is approximately 2840 days, while in Sprague-Dawley rats the average t1/2 of TCDD is 19 days. The t1/2 of TCDD in humans is about 150 times that of rats. This factor was used to calculate the t1/2 values of the other polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) in humans from the rat data. Furthermore, the terminal t1/2 values of PCDDs in adult humans were calculated from the regression equation: logt1/2H = 1.34 logt1/2R + 1.25 which was recently established for 50 xenobiotics (t1/2H = terminal half-lives in days for humans, t1/2R = terminal half-lives in days for rats). The following terminal half-lives in adult humans were obtained: 12.6 years for 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 26-45 years for 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD, 80-102 years for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and ca. 112-132 years for OCDD. These half-lives of PCDDs are critically compared with measured t1/2 values of PCDDs and other persistent organic pollutants in rats, monkeys and humans. 相似文献
109.
Peter O. Otieno Joseph O. Lalah Munir Virani Isaac O. Jondiko Karl-Werner Schramm 《The Environmentalist》2011,31(4):382-393
The increasing number of incidences of alleged wildlife poisoning with Furadan in Kenya has sparked off a strong lobby fronted
by wildlife conservationists against Furadan use in the country and prompted this study. The worst-case scenario was in 2004
in Athi River, where a massive number of 187 African white-backed vultures (Gyps africanus) and hyenas were found dead at a spot where poisoning was suspected to have occurred through a Furadan-laced camel carcass
bait. This study was initiated by the Peregrine Fund—Africa Project, and the objective was to provide evidence for Furadan
exposure, its misuse and involvement in vulture poisoning and potential impact on areas near two wildlife conservancies in
two most affected districts. The study found evidence for ready availability of Furadan 5G in local veterinary retail shops
and its illegal misuse by pastoralists and farmers against wildlife to protect their animals and crops. Analysis of soil,
water and plants taken from the farms and water sources by high-perfomance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas liquid chromatography–mass
spectrometry (GC–MS) found residues of carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran, indicating that Furadan was used
extensively in farming causing residual environmental distribution and contamination and posing risks to small birds and mammals.
Forensic analysis of residues in beaks, feet and crop content of the dead vultures as well as in a laced camel carcass bait
and soil samples from one site of poisoning also showed carbofuran and its two metabolites supporting allegations of Furadan
involvement in wildlife poisoning and high-mortality cases of African white-backed vultures (Gyps africanus) in Kenya. 相似文献
110.
Stefan Fiedler Gerd Pfister Karl-Werner Schramm 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(2):420-428